Most of the time, its client. The Hauts-de-Seine département, which includes La Défense, counted 178,352 active businesses in 2024, and 68% of its 59,546 employer establishments have between one and nine employees. Yet establishments with 100 employees or more employ 752,650 of the area's 1,179,453 employees, almost two in three (INSEE, French national statistics office, August 2026). Small firms there live next to large groups and, for some of them, on their orders.

The business mix tells the same story. Close to three businesses in ten (29.7%) are professional, scientific, technical or administrative services: consulting firms, engineering offices, agencies. One in ten works in information and communication, software publishers and IT service firms included.
For these firms, work arrives in the client's format. A supplier onboarding file to fill in, a tender with its specifications, a security questionnaire, a procurement portal where the proposal must be uploaded, then follow-ups when the purchase order is late. Each file looks a lot like the previous one, and it is usually the founder or a project lead who fills it in at night.

